Kirkland was the original home of the Seattle Seahawks; the NFL team’s headquarters and training facility were located at the Lake Washington Shipyard (now Carillon Point) along Lake Washington for their first ten seasons (1976–85), then at nearby Northwest University through 2007. Warehouse chain Costco previously had its headquarters in Kirkland. While Costco is now headquartered in Issaquah, the city is the namesake of its “Kirkland Signature” store brand. American video game company Valve was also founded in Kirkland.

The land around Lake Washington to the east of Seattle was first settled by bands of the indigenous Duwamish people, including the Xačua’bš (“lake people”) and Tahb-tah-byook. Several Duwamish village sites lie within the modern-day boundaries of Kirkland, including staɬaɬ (“a fathom measure”) in the modern-day downtown and Təb’tubiu (“loamy place”) at Juanita Bay. The indigenous settlements were close to natural resources, including salmon, venison, and wapato plants harvested for their bulbs. Disease such as smallpox eliminated a majority of the local indigenous population with the development around Lake Washington, including lowering the water level for the Ship Canal in 1916 left the remaining population to decline further.

English settlers arrived in the late 1860s, when the McGregor and Popham families built homesteads in what is now the Houghton neighborhood. Four miles (6 km) to the north people also settled near what is now called Juanita Bay, a favored campsite of the Duwamish because of the abundance of wapato there. The Curtis family arrived in the area in the 1870s, followed by the French family in 1872. The Forbes family homesteaded what is now Juanita Beach Park in 1876, and settled on Rose Hill in 1877. Gradually, additional people settled in the area, and by the end of the 1880s a small number of logging, farming and boatbuilding communities were established.